Income
Income, which includes resources earned from work, returns on investment, and government transfers and benefits (e.g. Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and unemployment insurance), is a key determinant of living standards. A comprehensive look at family and household income reveals that growing inequality has led to economic progress for low- and middle-income families that lags far behind the economy’s potential.
The basic contours of American incomes
-
Average family income, by income group, 1947–2010 (2011 dollars)
Table 2.1 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Average household income, by income group, 1967–2010 (2011 dollars)
Table 2.2 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Minimum income thresholds for family and household income, by income group, 1947–2010 (2011 dollars)
Table 2.3 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Sources of pretax comprehensive income, by income group, 2007 (2011 dollars)
Table 2.4 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Real median income of working-age families, 1975–2010
Figure 2B in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Average family income growth, by income group, 1947–2007
Figure 2C in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Median family income, by race and ethnicity, 1947–2010 (2011 dollars)
Table 2.5 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Black median family income, as a share of white median family income, 1947–2010
Figure 2D in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Median family income growth, by nativity, 1993–2010
Figure 2E in State of Working America 12th Edition
The Great Recession and American incomes
-
Change in average family income, by income group, 2007–2010
Figure 2F in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Change in real family income from business cycle peak years 1989, 2000, and 2007
Figure 2G in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Average capital gains of the top 5% of the income distribution and the S&P 500 composite price index, 1979–2011
Figure 2H in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Change in real median household income, by race and ethnicity, 2007–2010
Figure 2I in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Change in real family income of the middle fifth, actual and predicted, 2000–2018
Figure 2J in State of Working America 12th Edition
Rising inequality of American incomes
-
Income growth for families at the 20th, 50th, and 95th percentiles, 1947–2010
Figure 2K in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Income growth for families at the 20th, 50th, and 95th percentiles, by nativity, 1993–2010
Figure 2L in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Change in real annual household income, by income group, 1979–2007
Figure 2M in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Share of average income growth accounted for by the bottom 95 percent, top 5 percent, and top 1 percent, by dataset and income concept, 1979–2007
Table 2.6 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Share of income held by high-income groups, 1913–2010
Figure 2AA in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Share of income held by top 1 percent in developed countries, 1913–2009
Figure 2AB in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Change in the share of market income and post-tax, post-transfer income that households claim, by income group, 1979–2007
Figure 2N in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Effect of tax policies on each household income group's share of total income, 1979 and 2007, and the difference needed in 2007 to preserve 1979 post-tax shares
Figure 2O in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Average effective federal tax rates, by household income group, 1979–2007
Figure 2P in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Average effective federal tax rates, by income group, 1960–2004
Figure 2Q in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Effective tax rates for selected federal taxes, by income group, 1979–2007
Table 2.7 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Change in real cash and medical transfer income, by income group, 1979–2007
Figure 2R in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Tax rate, transfer rate, and tax rate net of transfers, by income group, 1979–2007
Table 2.8 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Change in tax rate, transfer rate, and tax rate net of transfers, by income group, 1979–2007
Figure 2S in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Change in real annual household wages, by income group, 1979–2007
Figure 2T in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Educational attainment, by income group, selected years, 1979–2007
Table 2.9 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Change in real annual household capital income, by income group, 1979–2007
Figure 2U in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Share of total household capital income claimed, by income group, 1979–2007
Figure 2V in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Share of market-based personal income, by income type, selected years, 1959–2010
Table 2.10 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Effect of the shift from labor to capital income on the top 1 percent of households, selected years, 1979–2007 (2011 dollars)
Table 2.11 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Corporate-sector income shares, profit rates, and capital-to-output ratio, selected years, 1959–2010
Table 2.12 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Capital share of total corporate-sector income, actual and counterfactual holding 1979 profit rate constant, 1979–2010
Figure 2X in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Share of total household income growth attributable to various income groups, 1979–2007
Figure 2Y in State of Working America 12th Edition
How much did middle-income living standards actually rise between 1979 and 2007?
-
Change in household income, as reported by CBO comprehensive income data and CPS money income data, by income group, 1979–2007
Figure 2Z in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Change in sources of comprehensive income, middle fifth of households, selected years, 1979–2007 (2011 dollars)
Table 2.13 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Change in sources of comprehensive income for elderly households in the middle fifth, selected years, 1979–2007 (2011 dollars)
Table 2.14 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Change in sources of comprehensive income for non-elderly households in the middle fifth, selected years, 1979–2007 (2011 dollars)
Table 2.15 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Contributions to middle-fifth income growth, by income category and household type, selected years, 1979–2007 (2011 dollars)
Table 2.16 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Contribution of hours versus hourly wages to annual wage growth for working-age households, by income group, selected years, 1979–2007 (2011 dollars)
Table 2.17 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Annual hours worked by married men and women age 25–54 with children, by income group, selected years, 1979–2010
Table 2.18 in State of Working America 12th Edition
-
Impact of increasing education and experience on hourly wages of individuals in the middle fifth of the income distribution, selected years, 1979–2007 (2011 dollars)
Table 2.19 in State of Working America 12th Edition
