Wages
Wages and salaries constitute nearly three-fourths of total family income—a share that is even greater for the middle class. Thus, analyses of wage and compensation trends are central to understanding the living standards of American families.
Describing wage trends
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Cumulative change in total economy productivity and real hourly compensation of selected groups of workers, 1995–2011
Figure 4A in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Average wages and work hours, 1967–2010 (2011 dollars)
Table 4.1 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Average hourly pay and pay inequality, 1948–2011 (2011 dollars)
Table 4.2 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Hourly and weekly earnings of private production and nonsupervisory workers, 1947–2011 (2011 dollars)
Table 4.3 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Real hourly earnings and compensation of private production and nonsupervisory workers, 1947–2011
Figure 4B in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Hourly wages of all workers, by wage percentile, 1973–2011 (2011 dollars)
Table 4.4 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Cumulative change in real hourly wages of men, by wage percentile, 1979–2011
Figure 4C in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Hourly wages of men, by wage percentile, 1973–2011
Table 4.5 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Hourly wages of women, by wage percentile, 1973–2011
Table 4.6 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Cumulative change in real hourly wages of women, by wage percentile, 1979–2011
Figure 4D in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Share of workers earning poverty-level wages, by gender, 1973–2011
Figure 4E in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Share of workers earning poverty-level wages, by race and ethnicity, 1973–2011
Figure 4F in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Share of total annual wages received by top earners, 1947–2010
Figure 4G in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Change in wage groups' shares of total wages, 1979–2010
Table 4.7 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Change in annual wages, by wage group, 1979–2010 (2011 dollars)
Table 4.8 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Cumulative change in real annual wages, by wage group, 1979–2010
Figure 4H in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Specific fringe benefits, 1987–2011 (2011 dollars)
Table 4.9 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Employer-provided health insurance coverage, by demographic and wage group, 1979–2010
Table 4.10 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Employer-provided pension coverage, by demographic and wage group, 1979–2010
Table 4.11 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Share of private-sector workers with employer-provided health insurance, by race and ethnicity, 1979–2010
Figure 4I in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Share of pension participants in defined-contribution and defined-benefit plans, 1980–2004
Figure 4J in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Share of workers with paid leave, by wage group, 2011
Table 4.12 in State of Working America 12th Edition
Dimensions of wage inequality
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Dimensions of wage inequality, by gender, 1973–2011
Table 4.13 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Wage gap between the 95th and 50th percentiles, by gender, 1973–2011
Figure 4M in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Hourly wages by education, 1973–2011 (2011 dollars)
Table 4.14 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Hourly wages of men, by education, 1973–2011 (2011 dollars)
Table 4.15 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Hourly wages of women, by education, 1973–2011 (2011 dollars)
Table 4.16 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Educational attainment of the employed, by gender and nativity, 2011
Table 4.17 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Share of the employed lacking a high school degree, by race/ethnicity and nativity status, 2011
Figure 4O in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Hourly wages of entry-level and experienced workers, by gender and education, 1973–2011 (2011 dollars)
Table 4.18 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Real entry-level wages of high school graduates, by gender, 1973–2011
Figure 4P in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Real entry-level wages of college graduates, by gender, 1973–2011
Figure 4Q in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Share of recent high school graduates with employer health/pension coverage, 1979–2010
Figure 4R in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Share of recent college graduates with employer health/pension coverage, 1979–2010
Figure 4S in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Hourly wages by wage percentile, gender, and education, 1973–2011 (2011 dollars)
Table 4.19 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Contribution of within-group and between-group inequality to total wage inequality, 1973–2011
Table 4.20 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Hourly wage growth by gender and race/ethnicity, 1989–2011 (2011 dollars)
Table 4.21 in State of Working America 12th Edition
Productivity and the compensation/productivity gap
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Cumulative change in total economy productivity and real hourly compensation of production/nonsupervisory workers, 1948–2011
Figure 4U in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Cumulative change in hourly productivity, real average hourly compensation, and median compensation, 1973–2011
Figure 4V in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Factors contributing to the productivity/compensation gap, 1973–2011
Table 4.23 in State of Working America 12th Edition
Factors driving wage inequality
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Increase in worker wages from a 1 percentage-point fall in unemployment, by wage group
Figure 4W in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Impact of rising and falling unemployment on wage levels and gaps, 1979–2011
Table 4.24 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Annual pay in expanding and contracting industries, 1979–2007
Table 4.25 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Employer health care costs as a share of wages, 1948–2010
Table 4.26 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Employer health care costs as a share of wages, by wage fifth, 1996–2008
Table 4.27 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Employer health care costs as a share of annual wages, by wage fifth, 1996–2008
Figure 4X in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Imports, exports, and trade balance in goods as a share of U.S. GDP, 1947–2011
Figure 4Y in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Manufacturing imports as a share of U.S. GDP, 1973–2011
Figure 4Z in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Relative productivity of U.S. trading partners, 1973–2011
Figure 4AA in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Impact of trade balance in manufacturing on employment and wages, by education, 1979–2005
Table 4.28 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Impact of trade with low-wage countries on college/noncollege wage gap
Table 4.29 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Characteristics of offshorable and non-offshorable jobs
Table 4.30 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Wage premium of offshorable jobs, by gender and education
Figure 4AB in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Mexican and other immigrants' share of U.S. workforce, by gender, 1940–2011
Table 4.31 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Educational attainment of immigrants, by gender, 1940–2011
Table 4.32 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Union coverage rate in the United States, 1973–2011
Figure 4AC in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Union premiums for health, retirement, and paid leave benefits
Table 4.34 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Union impact on paid leave, pension, and health benefits
Table 4.35 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Effect of union decline on male wage differentials, 1978–2011
Table 4.36 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Impact of deunionization on wage inequality, 1973–2007
Table 4.38 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Minimum wage as a share of average hourly earnings, 1964–2011
Figure 4AE in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Characteristics of workers affected by proposed minimum-wage increase to $9.80 in 2014
Table 4.40 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Real value of the federal minimum wage and share of workforce covered by higher state minimums, 1979–2011
Figure 4AF in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Share of worker hours paid at or below the minimum wage, by gender, 1979–2009
Figure 4AG in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Minimum-wage impact on 50/10 wage gap, 1979–2009
Table 4.41 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Role of executives and financial sector in income growth of top 1.0% and top 0.1%, 1979–2005
Table 4.42 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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CEO compensation and CEO-to-worker compensation ratio, 1965–2011 (2011 dollars)
Table 4.43 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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CEO-to-worker compensation ratio (options granted and options realized), 1965–2011
Figure 4AH in State of Working America 12th Edition
Technology and skill mismatches
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Trends in education wage gaps, key wage group wage gaps, and relative supply of education, 1979–2011
Table 4.44 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Growth in relative demand for college graduates, 1940–2005
Figure 4AI in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Cumulative change in real hourly wages of college graduates, by decile, 2000–2011
Figure 4AJ in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Inflation-adjusted hourly wage trends of college graduates, by occupation, 2000–2011
Table 4.45 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Underemployment of college graduates, by age, 2000–2010
Figure 4AK in State of Working America 12th Edition
Jobs of the future
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Effect of changing occupational composition on wages and on education and training requirements, 2010–2020
Table 4.46 in State of Working America 12th Edition
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Education needed in 2020 workforce and education levels of the 2011 workforce
Figure 4AL in State of Working America 12th Edition
