Union wage premium by demographic group, 2011

	Percent union*	Union premium**
Demographic group		Dollars	Percent
Total	13.0%	$1.24	13.6%
Men	13.5	2.21	17.3
Women	12.5	0.67	9.1
White	13.3%	$0.76	10.9%
Men	14.1	1.79	14.9
Women	12.5	0.18	7.0
Black	15.0%	$2.60	17.3%
Men	15.8	3.05	20.3
Women	14.4	2.25	14.8
Hispanic	10.8%	$3.44	23.1%
Men	10.8	4.77	29.3
Women	10.7	2.06	15.7
Asian	11.1%	$1.54	14.7%
Men	9.9	1.53	16.6
Women	12.4	1.61	12.9
New immigrants (less than 10 years)
Men	5.4%	$0.49	16.0%
Women	7.0	2.74	16.2
Other immigrants (more than 10 years)
Men	10.4%	$2.13	16.7%
Women	12.7	0.57	8.8

* Union member or covered by a collective bargaining agreement

** Regression-adjusted hourly wage advantage of being in a union, controlling for experience, education, region, industry, occupation, race/ethnicity, and marital status

Source: Authors' analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata

Documentation and methodology

“Percent union” is tabulated from CPS-ORG data (see Appendix B) and includes all those covered by unions. “Union premium” values are the coefficients on union in a model of log hourly wages with controls for education, experience as a quartic, marital status, region, industry (12) and occupation (9), race/ethnicity, and gender where appropriate. For this analysis we only use observations that do not have imputed wages because the imputation process does not take union status into account and therefore biases the union premium toward zero. See Mishel and Walters (2003). As with other CPS microdata analyses presented in the book, race/ethnicity categories are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race).